The Causes and Seriousness of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Panic disorder is a wide spectrum and other than panic attacks and agoraphobia, it also includes claustrophobia, fear of losing control, claustrophobia, rescue object, loss sensitivity, medical reassurance and reassurance from family members. There is not much empirical support to attribute the role of other factors to constitute the spectrum of panic disorder. Another extension to the spectrum of panic disorders is non-clinical panic attacks. This clinical entity is important because like panic disorder, it is also associated with a generalised anxiety disorder (Tulla et al, 2009). Shared relationship of emotion regulation difficulties makes generalised anxiety and panic disorder fall into the same spectrum of clinical symptoms (Tulla et al, 2009). Panic disorder has a bimodal distribution. The highest incidence occurs in late adolescence followed by another peak in the third decade of life (Daniels, 2006). Panic attacks can be either fearful or non-fearful. In the latter group, th e attacks occur without the element of subjective fear. Chen et al (2009) conducted a large study to examine the prevalence of the non-fearful panic disorder. According to this study, non-fearful panic attacks constitute about 30% of panic disorder. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Seriousness of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The age of onset and frequency of symptoms are similar to fearful panic disorder. But the symptomatology varies, in the sense, symptoms associated with fear like shortness of breath, depersonalisation, smothering, trembling and anxiety are classically absent or occur in a reduced form. Also, this form of panic disorder is less associated with agoraphobia or other comorbid mental illnesses. In this study, recall bias and response bias are suspected to have affected the prevalence rates of non-fearful panic disorder. The causes of Panic disorder are not well established. Some attribute hereditary and parenting aspects to the development of the disorder. It is not known whether specific parenting behaviours increases the vulnerability of the condition in the offspring.

Street Art As A Male Dominant Form Of Art - 1789 Words

It is most common for street art to be considered a male-dominant form of art. Many don t recognize street art for what it is, and some consider it as pure vandalism. This is because street art is usually done in public areas on buildings, poles, fences, and bridges. Since street art is a very controversial form, the feminist artist Mirah Shihadeh, is able utilize it to spread her impactful images of women, and many significant messages of feminist empowerment. With her work, Mirah is drawing attention to street harassment and treatment of women in Cairo, Egypt. This feminist brand of street art recognizes that everyone shares the urban space; it is a public area, and everyone should feel safe to walk about comfortably. The actual name of â€Å"Mirah Shihadeh† is unknown, but appears on various controversial artworks. Mirah confidently proves that street art isn t just a man s game. She has captured international attention with her famous street harassment murals. Through the use of paint as a tool to create a political platform, rooting itself in the belief of equality for women and respect of their rights. Mirah may be a profound artist, nevertheless she is also a woman, who openly broadcasts a repressive reality for women in Egypt. Depicting often curvy, but covered women, Mirah challenges an Arab public to accept the expression of femininity in society. The artwork of Mirah Shihadeh is highly appreciated in Cairo, Egypt. Cairo is the capital of Egypt, along with beingShow MoreRelatedBeing A City Alderman, I Helped Developed Rules And Regulations For A Skateboarding Park1239 Words   |  5 Pageswith sport. Skateboards are used for sporting, transportation, as an art and even a job for those that are professionals. Long-boards are used by many college students as a form of transportation on and around college campus s. History and Municipalities Skateboards got their start when California surfers wanted to take to land. 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Bertha Masons Madness in a Contemporary Context free essay sample

Many works contain characters who, while not main characters by any standards, play pivotal roles and function as anything from sources of comedic relief to ties that link up loose ends or gaps in a plot. Willis claims that in Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Bertha fills this role, acting as an extreme version of the madness of the situation, concentrating the intensity into a more visible spectacle for the viewer. In my analysis I will aim to discuss the mirror effect that Bertha possesses, acting as a human outlet for many of the emotions felt at Thornfield Hall. Also I will discuss why Bertha is in fact in this state, is it as a result of racist views towards Creole people from whom she has allegedly inherited her insanity or from the ongoing repression and lack of stature possessed by women in that time. I will take in to consideration the development of the story from its original text form to the 2006 BBC edition, a story which has fascinated the public, with seventeen film adaptations to its name it truly stands out as one of the most popular period dramas. Susanna White when taking the task of directing stated â€Å"We are deliberately making a very passionate version of the story, as opposed to those Jane Austen Novels which are very much of society and of manners†. From this brief encounter we see that White wishes to create a fresh take on the story, by showing the emotions and complex relationships between the characters rather than completely relying on the strict class system for a plot. However, with this type of period drama, as with the aforementioned Jane Austen classics, it would be impossible to recreate the story without including the idea of society and manners to some extent. While White may wish to veer away from the common portrayal of the story it would be impossible for her to ignore the background society in which these emotional characters are based. Bertha is a pivotal character in this respect, the idea of society may not be in the foreground in White’s adaptation, just as Bertha remains cloaked from plain view, yet remains an integral cog in the plot. As an audience we are first made aware of a supposedly malevolent presence in the house when Jane finds her wedding veil torn upon awaking. Naturally distressed by the occurrence she reports it to Rochester who quickly dismisses it to nerves or pre-wedding jitters. Her response that she has never been happier acts as a reassurance to the reader and viewer that she is a reliable character and begins our questioning of what else lurks in the household. In addition to it awakening the audience to this presence it also creates an awareness in Jane who too begins to suspect that not everything is right. While her scepticism at Rochester’s true feelings for her have been laid to rest she now possesses a new worry, what has happened in the past that she has yet to learn of. The dream sequence prior to the discovery of the state of her veil is an interesting addition on the part of the director. In these mere few seconds she manages to reveal all of Jane’s fears clearly. With such a drastic change to her life as her engagement, there were bound to be repercussions, and this simple few shots of her dream introduce us to these fears. A large menacing gate placed between her, Thornfield Hall and Rochester shows us her ongoing scepticism of the strength of the relationship. The main reason for this is likely to be the reinforced class system and values of the times which are instilled upon her, refusing to allow her to be truly happy or reassured by Rochester’s love. A crying baby resting in her arms furthers the idea that she is of a different level as the onlooking Blanche Ingram tells her to leave the estate. For such a short sequence it is extremely useful in leading up to Jane’s first encounter with Rochester’s wife, Bertha. When Jane awakes Bertha takes the opportunity to make her first impact on the narrative. Of course at the time we are not blessed with the knowledge that it is Bertha but must wait until later in the story to learn of this. What is interesting is that when Rochester returns to a distressed Jane, while she is worriedly informing him about the torn veil, she neglects to tell him about what she saw when awoke. The reasons behind this could of course her wishing not to seem delusional and to lose his respect, however t can’t help but be wondered that if she had told Rochester of her sighting, that he would be forced to confess to Bertha’s whereabouts at an earlier time and perhaps is avoided for that very reason. It is at this point that Jane’s suspicions of Rochester extend to the manor itself and serves as a pivotal turning point in the plot. Bertha herself fails to make many appearances in either the text or the adaptation yet considering this manages to have the profound impact intended. As a character she has aged well, and is highly capable of tweaking the emotions of a contemporary audience. Mental illness was of course feared in the Victorian era, and while they may not have had as full an understanding as their modern counterparts it seems as though they did have a decent grasp, realising that some cases were in fact curable and that patients should be treated with care and respect. In an examination of the treatment of individuals with mental illness, Mia Iwama discovers the lengths that the government were going to by examining conditions in mental asylums and attempting to modernise and educate; Although modern readers have the benefit of increased knowledge of mental illness conditions and treatments, it nevertheless is encouraging to realize that even in the Victorian era with its rather antiquated and limited knowledge and views upon mental illness, measures were actively being taken to alleviate the suffering of patients and attempt to implement some sort of beneficial treatment. (Iwama) This discovery of the great efforts to improve life for sufferers by officials and indeed the general understanding among the public leads us to question why Bronte created this negative portrayal of Bertha as such an evil convoluted character. She of course accounted for it by claiming it was a result of her Creole heritage, that it was a hereditary condition. There was indeed a negative outlook towards Creole people at the time and so it is likely that these feelings had been instilled upon Bronte and is why they are showing through in her writing. With an ever increasing wave of political correctness washing over us many a modern reader will perceive there to be a great air of racism to be present when Bertha is being spoken f. The novel has received much criticism over time in this regard however the adaptations generally manage to avoid this qualm and the BBC adaptation is no different. This lack of controversy stirring in the 2006 adaptation is likely due to the fact that White did not wish to detract from the emotional, relationship-based plot that she was striving for and knew that while it was important to include details of Bertha, that too many would lead to over analysis of her as a sole character. The BBC are renowned for their period dramas and their painstaking attention to detail when it comes to reproducing them as accurately as possible. So of course when Jane Eyre was announced expectations were high, mounting pressure on the production team. The producer Diederick Santer spoke of how minute details from casting were picked up by an expectant and perceptive audience and claimed wrong in comparison to the novel; Im really struck by the literal and pedantic obsession many of the bloggers have with the physical traits of Rochester and Jane as described in the book. Too red-haired, Eye-brows are too thin are some comments regarding Toby. While period dramas may not have the largest viewership it is evident that those who do have a strong interest are fearful of original texts being interfered with or misinterpreted and wish the adaptation to be meticulous with each detail. For this reason it was a brave move by Susanna White to veer away from the more traditional approach to an adaptation of Jane Eyre, normally laden with a brutish Rochester. White has managed to modernise the story while leaving the original ideas unharmed. This angle was largely well received by the public, who now most likely found it easier to relate to a somewhat more updated presentation. However, one area that has been negatively affected is Bertha. In the text we are presented with an image of a terrifying, disturbed, almost animal-like creature, confined to her tiny quarters and denied interaction with the rest of the world. A demented creature scurrying back and forth on all fours is a far cry from what we witness in the BBC’s adaptation. While still not a pleasant individual to encounter, Bertha is noted to still possess the beauty she once had, albeit now faded. Played by Valentina Cervi, the she beast of the text is almost non-existent on the screen. Considering just how vile a being she was portrayed as in the original, this is a sizable failing on the production team’s behalf. Describing the features she witnessed in the novel, Jane conjures up a ghastly image for the reader; I never saw a face like it! It was a discoloured face – it was a savage face. I wish I could forget the roll of the red eyes and the fearful blackened inflation of the lineaments! (145) To a viewer whose first encounter with the story is indeed the BBC’s version, they will likely have no qualms over the image of Bertha as her attacks on both Jane and Rochester will suffice to unnerve them. It is the Bronte enthusiasts and lovers of Jane Eyre who will be disappointed in what the adaptation has to offer in this department. Bronte’s aim with Bertha was always to unnerve and indeed frighten the audience and so White’s interpretation seems lacking in comparison. In addition, the Jane of the text is well aware what happened to her veil as it was snatched from the room, while on screen she is simply met by a shadowy figure holding a candle, and is therefore left in the dark regarding her identity for a time longer. It is not only here that she flounders in her role as being a fear-inspiring presence, but in the scene where she is introduced to Jane, she lacks the raw mindless persona expected. The question that must be asked is whether this affects the final product substantially or not. To answer this however we must again analyse what Bertha’s true purpose is in the greater workings of the storyline. Many have viewed Bertha as a potential for what Jane may become. While another interesting idea suggests that she serves to jolt Jane and Rochester back into reality, away from their improper relationship and to make a return to their respective roles in life. However possibly the most important role of Bertha is her connection and affect on Jane. In such a restrictive era, Bertha represents the repressed woman, mentally, sexually and on numerous levels is what Jane is striving to break free from. Her torment from Bertha is really the torment she suffers due to a restrictive society. By being locked in a cell Bertha quite literally represents the average female at the, constricted by a tight set of values. As we delve into this idea further we may begin to question more aspects of her character such as her mental affliction. This could quite plausibly serve as a metaphor for the mental restriction suffered by so many, especially a governess such as Jane who was often expected to remain out of sight and keep the children occupied. Such an exclusion from certain areas of life would surely drive a person to madness, as in Bertha’s case. In their analysis of intercultural cinema Heffelfinger and Wright touch on this and how this ‘Britishness’ as they refer to it links Bertha and Jane: The 2006 Masterpiece Theatre version of Jane Eyre visualises the exotic worlds that provide Jane with her colonial imagination, thus locating the film, like the novel, within the geography of British imperialism †¦The motif of the â€Å"exotic† circulates within the film to link Jane and Bertha, to develop Bertha as a more complex character, and to establish new notions of Britishness (beyond the scope of the novel itself). (104) In an essence, Bertha simply signifies the oppression present in Britain. While striving to modernise and move the text forward, White understands that touching on Jane’s society is paramount and uses Bertha as a vessel for this. As a character she is given just as little, possibly even less time to make an impact yet to most viewers she will leave one of the strongest. White also shunned away from the temptation to make her too sensationalised yet the audience is left asking who this mysterious being is, why is she so troubled, with her suicide leaving these questions frustratingly unanswered. In a plot dominated by two strong-willed characters, Bertha provides a relief from the constant locking of horns even if momentarily. The idea that the two protagonists have lost their course in life and need to be put back in the right shows Bertha in a rare positive light. Alternatively, had Bertha been institutionalised in one of the many asylums that we know existed perhaps the couple would have been able to shake the shackles of their past and be content together. All in all, the BBC must be commended for their successful updating of the adaptation. For a story that has had so many, many critics are claiming this to be â€Å"perfection†.

The Story of Me free essay sample

My birth was atypical. I was born at 25 weeks – three months before my due date. My mother calls me her â€Å"miracle† or â€Å"alphabet soup† baby, for all the three-letter acronyms for my various conditions. At birth I weighed 1 pound 10 ounces and was given a 50/50 chance of survival. When I did survive, I was expected to be severely disabled – both physically and cognitively. Slowly, I was taken off the ventilator as I learned to breathe for myself. In time, I learned to breastfeed without sucking milk into my lungs. I vaguely remember my three years of physical, occupational, developmental, and speech therapies. Neither I nor my mother remembers when I first learned how to †¦ crawl? Walk? Speak? Only that it happened slowly, with two steps forward and one step back, for months. I couldn’t read – at least not independently – for the first 10 years of my life. At 15, I’m almost ashamed to say I spell only adequately. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Despite all this, I learned to speak fluently, honed my motor skills, and learned to follow along both physically and mentally. Steadily, I was molding myself a normal girlhood. There are always those quick to remind me of my journey. When I started school, not everyone was accepting of my differences, and even some who set limits on my future potential. These assumptions deeply angered me. To think that almost strangers could see me and decide who I was, who I was going to be, based on what I had struggled through in the past. When I saw these same biased views cast on others, I felt obligated to protect them. Experiencing my struggles attuned me to the struggles of others. Throughout middle school, I was there for my bullied friends. I supported my friends who â€Å"came out† in school. And I was the voice against racism in my Girls on the Run team as we watched a group of young black men get racially profiled by police. Throughout my life, I have learned to covet my firm belief in this, above all else: Doing what you can, when and how you can, and doing it one step at a time makes a difference. All change happens as a series of steps – we reach our destination as we keep moving, going slowly, one foot at a time.

How to Measure Precipitation

How to Measure Precipitation Average annual precipitation is a vital piece of climatic data - one that is recorded through a variety of methods. Precipitation (which is most commonly rainfall but also includes snow, hail, sleet, and other forms of liquid and frozen water falling to the ground) is measured in units over a given time period. The Measurement In the United States, precipitation is commonly represented in inches per 24-hour period. This means that if one inch of rain fell in a 24-hour period and, theoretically, water wasnt absorbed by the ground nor did it flow downhill, after the storm there would be a layer of one inch of water covering the ground. The low-tech method of measuring rainfall is to use a container with a flat bottom and straight sides (such as a cylindrical coffee can). While a coffee can will help you determine whether a storm dropped one or two inches of rain, its difficult to measure small or accurate amounts of precipitation. Rain Gauges Both amateur and professional weather observers use more sophisticated instruments, known as rain gauges and tipping buckets, to more precisely measure precipitation. Rain gauges often have wide openings at the top for rainfall. The rain falls and is funneled into a narrow tube, sometimes one-tenth the diameter of the top of the gauge. Since the tube is thinner than the top of the funnel, the units of measurement are further apart than they would be on a ruler and precise measuring to the one-hundredth (1/100 or .01) of an inch is possible. When less than .01 inch of rain falls, that amount is known as a trace of rain. A tipping bucket electronically records precipitation on a rotating drum or electronically. It has a funnel, like a simple rain gauge, but the funnel leads to two tiny buckets. The two buckets are balanced (somewhat like a see-saw) and each holds .01 inch of water. When one bucket fills, it tips down and is emptied while the other bucket fills with rain water. Each tip of the buckets causes the device to record an increase of .01 inch of rain. Annual Precipitation A 30-year average of annual precipitation is used to determine the average annual precipitation for a specific place.  Today, the amount of precipitation is monitored electronically and automatically by computer-controlled rain gauges at local weather and meteorological offices and remote sites around the world. Where Do You Collect the Sample? Wind, buildings, trees, topography, and other factors can modify the amount of precipitation that falls, so rainfall and snowfall tend to be measured away from obstructions.  If youre placing a rain gauge in your backyard, make sure that it is not obstructed so that rain can fall directly into the rain gauge. How Do You Convert Snowfall into Rainfall Amounts? Snowfall is measured in two ways. The first is a simple measurement of the snow on the ground with a stick marked with units of measurement (like a yardstick). The second measurement determines the equivalent amount of water in a unit of snow. To obtain this second measurement, the snow must be collected and melted into water. Generally, ten inches of snow produces one inch of water. However, it can take up to 30 inches of loose, fluffy snow or as little as two to four inches of wet, compact snow to produce an inch of water.

The Vietnam War's impact on the United States both economically and Essay

The Vietnam War's impact on the United States both economically and politically - Essay Example It takes money to fund wars but neither financial nor military dominance guarantees victory. The political dynamics that result from war, particularly the Vietnam War, produce a myriad of varying effects. The U.S. lost political capital from within South Vietnam when it continuously bombed North Vietnam, a surprising development that was harmful to the war effort. The ‘hawkish’ neo-conservative ideology was born in this era. Those of this political philosophy did not believe the U.S. should withdraw from Vietnam and are the ones who took control of the White House in 2000. The ‘neo-cons’ are the group that, a quarter century after the fall of Saigon in 1975, involved the U.S. in the Iraq war debacle and refuse to withdraw. Many parallels can be drawn between these two conflicts that are separated by a generation. The generation of people who lived through the Vietnam period evidently did not learn the lessons from that war. Congress made what they believed w ould be a lasting political statement following the Vietnam war by passing the War Powers Act in hopes of preserving the separation of powers as guaranteed by the Constitution. The most evident and memorable political fallout during the Vietnam War was student protestors who, through great sacrifice and courage, were instrumental in ending U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia. The U.S., because of its involvement in ‘nation building’ that began in Korea and continued during the Vietnam era and is in full effect today, has lost political credibility throughout the international community. From the end of the Cold War in 1989, as symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall, to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the U.S. was undoubtedly the world’s greatest power militarily, economically and therefore politically. However, this time in which the U.S. operates as the only superpower and therefore the world’s dominant force, known as the ‘unipolar

Ontological Argument criticism by Kant Critique of Pure Reason Essay

Ontological Argument criticism by Kant Critique of Pure Reason - Essay Example Kant vehemently reaffirmed the intelligibility of the world as demonstrated by common sense and science. He has had immense influence in the world of philosophy and continues to be a great source of inspiration for all. Despite rejecting some of his core ideas, the subsequent generation that lived under German idealism has widely adopted his work. His prime objection was that existence is not a predicate. The foundation of the ontological argument was the existence of a God that is greater than a God who does not exist. Thus, the very foundation was baffling and questionable. Kant advocated that existence could not possess or lack properties and, therefore, it is not a predicate. His criticism fundamentally targeted Descartes and Leibniz. Kant drew a clear line of distinction between analytic and synthetic judgments. Analytic judgment denotes a predicate that conveys a point that is already a part of the concept, and, therefore, it constitutes a tautology. On the other hand, in a syn thetic judgment, the predicate implies a point not already contained in the concept, and, therefore, it expresses new knowledge.... The judgments regarding nonexistence nullify both the subject and the predicate; therefore, this does not give rise to a contradiction. Based on these arguments, Kant refuted the notion of a necessary being. In addition, he contends that if existence is considered as a fundamental component of the definition of something, then affirming that it exists constitutes as tautology. Therefore, while making the analytic judgment that existence is a characteristic of God, we are reiterating that God exists. Thus, no synthetic judgment is made to annex novel information with regard to existence to the theoretical definition of God. Moving on, he criticizes the concept of being by pointing out that it is not a real predicate; thereby, it cannot be used to define a concept related to something. In plain terms, saying that something exists does not indicate anything in relation to the concept; instead, it denotes the existence of an object that matches with the concept. To say that objects of se nse exist does not imply an extra property related to the concept; instead, it is to be discovered outside the thought and we have an experiential awareness of it in space and time (Kant 89). A thing that actually exists does not possess properties which could be predicated; therefore, it cannot be distinguished from the concept of it. The distinguishing factor is then experience concerning that something, for instance its shape, site, time. To say that something exists requires spatial-temporal experience of that thing in order to know that there exist objects that correspond to that concept. Hence, a demonstration concerning the existence of something like God, which involves predicating a